Chaochen Gao

Extending LLM context windows is hindered by scarce high-quality long-context data. Recent methods synthesize data with genuine long-range dependencies via information-theoretic verification, selecting contexts that reduce a base model's predictive entropy. However, their single-pass offline construction with a fixed model creates a fundamental \emph{off-policy gap}: the static screening landscape misaligns with the model's evolving capabilities, causing the training distribution to drift. We propose \textbf{PolicyLong}, shifting data construction towards a dynamic on-policy paradigm. By iteratively re-executing data screening (entropy computation, retrieval, and verification) using the \emph{current} model, PolicyLong ensures the training distribution tracks evolving capabilities, yielding an emergent self-curriculum. Crucially, both positive and hard negative contexts derive from the current model's entropy landscape, co-evolving what the model learns to exploit and resist. Experiments on RULER, HELMET, and LongBench-v2 (Qwen2.5-3B) show PolicyLong consistently outperforms EntropyLong and NExtLong, with gains growing at longer contexts (e.g., +2.54 at 128K on RULER). The improvements further hold when scaling up to a 7B model (OLMo3-7B), confirming that the value of on-policy data evolution generalizes across model family and scale.