Ying Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly used in urban planning, but since gendered space theory highlights how gender hierarchies are embedded in spatial organization, there is concern that LLMs may reproduce or amplify such biases. We introduce SPAGBias — the first systematic framewo...

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a standard post-training paradigm for large language models (LLMs), typically relying on group-wise reward and advantage normalization for stability. In set-valued multi-answer tasks, where multiple outputs may be simultaneously correct, th...